Childhood Obesity Among Minorities in America
There is a growing childhood obesity epidemic, which leads to the development of other health outcomes such as high cholesterol, cardiac problems, along with mental and emotional health and well-being. Childhood obesity increases the chance of chronic illnesses into adulthood by 80%, with regard to the population that does make it into adulthood. A large part of the cause for childhood obesity can be attributed to the media. The media, prominently television, has impacted the way families eat, bombarding them with commercials packed with attention-grabbing music, images, and sweet treats that children swarm to. These commercials specifically affect minorities, who have less access to healthier food and more access to junk food because of its lower costs and accessibility. The majority of neighborhoods in whcih minorities reside heavily lack social capital, where there are more unhealthy resources, and less opportunities to counteract that unhealthy eating pattern. Typically, the lack of interest in what this particular population eats relates to their lack of interest in other challenging areas of life- they are satisfied with the bare minimum, where healthier food becomes more of a luxury and privilege than a right.
Knowing that the media inadvertently harms our youth of today, shouldn't there be some sort of media intervention?? Is media regulation even a possibility at this day and age? Is the media to blame or are the parents of these overweight children at fault for a decline in their youth's short and long term health?
·
Descriptive epidemiology and biological basis
o
Characterize the health issue in biomedical/physiological
terms.
§ For
example, if you’re focusing on obesity, what is obesity and how is it
practically defined?
·
The terms "overweight" and
"obesity" refer to a person's overall body weight and whether it's
too high in relation to a person’s height. Overweight is having extra body
weight from muscle, bone, fat, and/or water. Obesity is having a high amount of
extra body fat.
·
Overweight and obesity are the result of
“caloric imbalance”—too few calories expended for the amount of calories
consumed—and are affected by various genetic, behavioral, and environmental
factors.5,6 (CDC)
o
What are the negative health outcomes of the
issue?
·
Obesity is highly linked to diabetes, coronary
heart disease, high cholesterol, Type 2
diabetes, Gallstones, Breathing problems, Certain cancers
o Describe
the target population
§
Who is affected? Anyone with poor dieting, but in my case:
§
African American Children, both male and female,
under the age of 18
§
Geographic location – southern states in
America, historically predominantly African American
o Include
incidence and prevalence information.
How common is the disease?
o In
2007, Mississippi had the highest prevalence of childhood obesity (21.9
percent); Mississippi also had the highest proportion of children who were
overweight (44.5 percent)
o Does
incidence differ by race? Have
geographical patterns of the disease been identified? Does the risk of disease increase with age? Decrease? Etc.
The risk of child obesity decreases with age, as it
becomes regular obesity. The disease becomes chronic though, and the earlier it
is caught, the higher likelihood of it developing associated diseases in
adulthood. Cultural and socioeconomic factors determine that minority groups
are at higher risk of exposure.
http://0-search.ebscohost.com.sculib.scu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=16783723&site=ehost-live
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/
http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wwYUO0gpug&feature=related
- Risk
factors and social/political/cultural/environmental context
- What
factors have been associated with increased (and/or decreased) risk of
disease?
§ Birth
weight;
§ Obesity
in one or both parents; via genetics or same eating patterns/dietary habits
§ More
than eight hours spent watching TV a week at the age of three;
§ A
short amount of sleep - less than 10.5 hours a night at the age of three;
§ Size
in early life - measured at eight and 18 months;
§ Rapid
weight gain in the first year of life;
§ Rapid
catch-up growth between birth and two years of age;
§ Early
development of body fatness in pre-school years - before the age at which body
fat should be increasing (at the age of 5-6).
- At
what level do these risk factors operate? Include risk factors at multiple levels!
INDIVIDUAL- genetics, ethnicity, age predispose to obesity
culturally also
RELATIONSHIPS- eating habits of family or friends, or
other social groups
COMMUNITY- school lunch programs that offer poor food
choices, low social capital neighborhoods, no available or safe areas for
outdoor activity and exercise
SOCIETY- Physical Environment- Natural and Built Environment-
no parks, only urbanized cities, Health Care System, Economic System, Judicial
policies (which neglect to improve neighborhood resources)
- How
strong is the evidence? Do
we know what causes the disease/health problem?
KEEP IN MIND: *“Despite numerous prevalence studies, the
complex relationship between the environment and the development of obesity is
poorly understood in the paediatric age group. The interactions between the
environment, genetic predisposition and growth in children and adolescents have
not been studied as they have been in adults.”
- What
is the social context in which your disease/condition and associated risk
factors occur?
·
Lack of access to nutritious food- poor
socioeconomic status linked to high stress and poor living conditions.
Neighborhoods with low social capital and feelings of trust among neighbors have
fewer resources, more fast food restaurants, no fresh food stores, and more
liquor stores.
·
Phenomena such as redlining and other
historically ostracizing events have taken place to seclude certain ethnic
groups to one concentrated area of a city. Not much usually happens to remove
those barriers and reintegrate those people into the rest of society after
legal barriers have been taken down.
- What
is the cultural and political context in which your disease occurs?
i. Local
level policy affects childhood obesity more than state or national level
·
Culture defines what one eats, and minority
groups are more exposed to higher fat foods and poor eating habits
·
Culture also predicts one’s feelings about
western medicine and the need to visit the hospital for regular check-ups and
for check-ups specific to heart disease or problems being overweight. From
experience, minorities tend to feel invincible to disease and therefore take
less initiative to take hospital visits. Along those lines, minorities also
have less access to better health care, and some may even resort to emergency
visits rather than taking preventative measures.
